Minimax principle psychology. com/szal/salmon-latte-translation-romance-pdf.

Equity theory. Masiello. Min-Max algorithm is mostly used for game playing in AI. Apr 7, 2013 · Psychology Definition of MINIMAX STRATEGY: is part of game theory which says that players will attempt to minimize their loss. Minimax is a strategy of always minimizing the maximum possible loss which can result from a choice that a player makes. It ignores other available information, such as other possible events and their consequences. Educational research has lost considerable prestige in recent years. 而开始的时候总和为0。. g. Consider the number ˝ n = supfminfhAx;xi: x2N ng: N n ˆH;dimN n = ng Then ˝ n = n. 该算法是一个 零总和 算法，即一方要在可选的选项中选择将其优势最大化的选择，另一方则选择令对手优势最小化的方法。. The decision maker must choose among several alternative courses of action, that is, he must select one of several possible alternatives. Module Overview. This section shows how this is done using a minimization, or maximization procedure. People judge their satisfaction with a relationship in terms of the profit it yields, minus the costs. The Modified Minimax Principle. This payoff can be either positive or negative in value. 1999. Bargaining stage3. One of the versions of optimality in mathematical statistics, according to which a statistical procedure is pronounced optimal in the minimax sense if it minimizes the maximal risk. [3] Regret theory models choice under uncertainty taking into account the effect of anticipated regret. Minimax Principle. May 1, 2002 · In this paper the Hurwicz decision rule is applied to an adjustment problem concerning the decision whether a given action should be improved in the light of some knowledge on the states of nature or on other actors' behaviour. We start by contrasting prosocial, altruistic, and egotistical behavior and then move to an evolutionary explanation for prosocial behavior. Upper bound for maximization problem. Mar 4, 2016 · Title: Minimax principles, Hardy-Dirac inequalities and operator cores for two and three dimensional Coulomb-Dirac operators Authors: David Müller Download PDF Journal of Applied Social Psychology Volume 7, Issue 2 p. Abstract In this paper we prove a multiplicity result for critical points of an indefinite functional on a manifold by using a generalization of the Ljusternik–Schnirelman category. the 4 attachment styles: secure attachment style. This result is applied to a variational inequality. Abstract. 很多棋类游戏可以采取此算法，例如 井字棋 （tic-tac-toe）。. Maximin (∝)-minimum pay-off in each row is circled . The chosen alternative will ultimately result in some definite payoff. Alexis Michelat T. Identify types of relationships and the components of love. Giannoni A. A Viscosity Method for the Min-Max Construction of Closed Geodesics. Before we examine minimax, though, let's look at some of the other possible algorithms. In statistics, minimax estimators or decision rules have since become the objects of a rich literature. It provides an optimal move for the player assuming that opponent is also playing optimally. The Rayleigh’s Module 12: Attraction. Psychology Subfields. Typically, Nash’s theorem (for the special case of 2p-zs games) is proved using the minimax theorem. Maximax. Minimax is related to maxmin expected utility secure, preoccupied, fearful, dismissing. Minimax principles for lower semicontinuous functions and applications to nonlinear boundary value problems Andrzej Szulkin. Institutionalisation. van der Linden, 1980). In the psychology field, regret is an emotion that individuals experience when they believe they could have been in a better situation if they had made a different decision (Zeelenberg & Pieters, 2007). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Agentic state, Anti-conformist, What are Newcomb's Principles of Attraction? and more. E. We attempt to maximize rewards and minimise costs. The presentation is structured as follows: Firstly, the origin of the notion of the minimax strategy in tr. Updated on 04/19/2018. Published 1 August 2005. It overcompensates for socio-economic outcomes. The name "minimax" comes from minimizing the loss involved when the opponent selects the strategy (Minimax principle) Let H be a Hilbert space and let J∈C 1,1 (H). A minimax principle for eigenvalues in spectral gaps: Dirac operators with Coulomb potentials. Theorem 0. In linear algebra and functional analysis, the min-max theorem, or variational theorem, or Courant–Fischer–Weyl min-max principle, is a result that gives a variational characterization of eigenvalues of compact Hermitian operators on Hilbert spaces. Thinking was always hailed as the epitome of human rationality, whereas motivation, that is cravings, wishes, and desires, was thought of as a source of bias and distortion. The Minimax Principle. B. This is to cut Ω Ω up, to partition it into sets or "slices Social penetration theory asserts a law of reciprocity that is defined as a paced and orderly process in which openness in one person leads to openness in the other. Abstract A generalized version of the Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz theorem is obtained and used to generalize Ky Fan's minimax principle. Minimal attachment strategy states that humans prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes consistent with the rules of the language. 2015. The minimax principle claims that people seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs. Lewis and Heinz Siedentop}, journal={Documenta Mathematica}, year={1999}, url The _____ principle of decision-making stipulates that a decision-maker's view is usually extreme optimism. We introduce a type of mixed variational inequality driven by a uniformly monotone operator for which we investigate the existence and uniqueness problem by applying techniques suggested in [ 12 ]. Assume that there is no Palais–Smale sequence at level c. If the findings of educational research are to be more intuitively appealing, readily understood, and widely Sep 1, 1999 · In fact, the minimax principle assumes that it is best to prepare for the worst and to establish the maximum expected loss for each possible decision rule (e. Feb 5, 2022 · Theorem 1 (Yao’s Minimax Lemma). McClennen. The minimax principle was first formalized by Wald in a sequence of papers culminating in Wald ( 1950 ). Initially it was proposed for two player game. In Section 2, we review preliminary materials needed later. A. Let N n be an arbitrary n-dimensional subspace of Hand consider a basis fe 1;:::;e ng of this space. Only quantitative decisions are made by using the maximum likelihood principle. Mathematics. The abstract…. Feb 14, 2020 · Minimax principle. preoccupied attachment style. AQA A-level Psychology Relationships Paper 3 Social Exchange Theory AO Who proposed the theory? What type of theory is it? What are examples of costs in a relationship? What are examples of rewards? What is the profit of the relationship? What is the minimax principle? Comparisons What is the comparison level (CL)? What is the comparison level elopment of the characteristic features of the so-called “third code” (Frawley 1984). It is argued that the problem of variational collapse can be avoided by finding the minimum over the wave-function large component of the maximum over the Multiple Critical Points for Indefinite Functionals and Applications. Hence, we left attraction to the end. 141-148 Contingencies of Exogenous Reward and Task Performance: On the “Minimax” Strategy in instrumental Behavior 1 Le Bon’s Crowd Psychology & contagion Convergence theory Emergent norm theory Baiting crowds Deindividuation (Zimbardo) ––focus on: Anonymity Group size Self–awareness Chapter 4 – Formation Group attraction Similarity principle Complementarity principle Reciprocity principle Minimax principle Chapter 5 – Cohesion & Development Jun 6, 2020 · Minimax statistical procedure. S itarianism,’ there’s been a compelling logic to the minimax principle of hu- man behavior. Scientific Methods. AO1: Minimax principle. Published in Journal of the Australian… 1 September 1978. Theory developed by Fritz Heider, that that assumes interpersonal relationships can create a state of balance or a state of unbalance. 1016/S0294-1449(16)30389-4 Corpus ID: 53392205; Minimax principles for lower semicontinuous functions and applications to nonlinear boundary value problems @article{Szulkin1986MinimaxPF, title={Minimax principles for lower semicontinuous functions and applications to nonlinear boundary value problems}, author={Andrzej Szulkin}, journal={Annales De L Institut Henri Poincare-analyse Non We present a minimax principle for eigenvalues of dual quaternion Hermitian matrices. It is widely believed that von Neumann and Morgenstern have provided a fully satisfactory theory of rational choice for a special class of situations in which a person is faced with choosing between various alternatives, and where the person knows that Aug 1, 2005 · Symmetrization and minimax principles. The left-hand side of the in-equality is what will will try to lower-bound: It is the worst-case performance of Aug 17, 2023 · Nevertheless, psychoanalysis has been greatly contributory to psychology in that it has encouraged many modern theorists to modify it for the better, using its basic principles, but eliminating its major flaws. nslation studies is sketched and discussed in reference to the psychology of translation. In Section 3, we present minimax principles for a general Nov 1, 1997 · The minimax entropy principle is applied to texture modeling, where a novel Markov random field model, called FRAME, is derived, and encouraging results are obtained in experiments on a variety of texture images. The Ethics Code also outlines standards of professional Why people do what they do is what the study of motivation is all about, whereas the study of cognition is about how people think. 3. As a second application of this new minimax principle we show that the nth eigenvalue of the Dirac operator with Coulomb potential is an upper bound for Describe the need for affiliation and the negative effects of social rejection and loneliness. Bayesifikation bedeutet das Verhalten, das den Bayes'schen Richard Palais' Home Page Jun 18, 1996 · These experiments demonstrate that many textures previously considered as different categories can be modeled and synthesized in a common framework, and interprets and clarifies many previous concepts and methods for texture analysis and synthesis from a unified point of view. Fishburn. what are the theories of romantic relationships? Click the card to flip 👆. It has two essential characteristics: 1. Briefly explain, in your own words, the difference and relationship between the depth and breadth of self-disclosure. Minimax (sometimes Minmax, MM or saddle point) is a decision rule used in artificial intelligence, decision theory, game theory, statistics, and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a worst case (maximum loss) scenario. Candela F. It starts with an introduction to the subject, highlighting its connection to other areas of robust statistics and giving a brief recount of the most prominent developments. In particular, we introduce a compactness condition and recall Ekeland’s variational principle. The theory states that partners try to minimise losses and maximise gains (the minimax principle). •Useful for proving Yao’s principle, which provides lower bound for randomized algorithms •Equivalent to linear programming duality John von Neumann The idea of totaling potential benefits and losses to determine behavior isn’t new. Let Γ be an admissible minimax class at level c. People were admonished to “use their Module Overview. So the higher the number in an outcome matrix, the more attractive the behavior that might make it happen. Proof. A minimax principle for educational research. It is used to minimize the maximum loss in worst case. Beyond Mental Health. 5. Let Abe any random variable with values in Aand let Xbe any random variable with values in X. The minimax principle holds in such a game $\Gamma=\langle A,B,H\rangle$ if the equality. A third approach, “minimax regret,” attempts to minimize the maximum deviation from the outcome that would have been SET operates along the minimax principle, the idea that people in relationships will aim to minimise their losses and maximise their profits as would a business (profits equals rewards minus costs) Mar 7, 2022 · Dual quaternions can represent rigid body motion in 3D spaces, and have found wide applications in robotics, 3D motion modelling and control, and computer graphics. Min-max theorem. - low avoidance and low anxiety. Jean Van Schaftingen. Published 1978. Multiple Perspectives. Mini-Max algorithm uses recursion to search through the game-tree. ”15 Given the minimax principle of human behavior used in a social exchange analysis, how is such a sacrifice possible? Jun 3, 1997 · This article proposes a general theory and methodology, called the minimax entropy principle, for building statistical models for images (or signals) in a variety of applications, which consists of two parts: maximum entropy principle for feature binding and minimum entropy for feature selection. Communications in Contemporary Mathematics. The purpose of the applet below is to illustrate a mathematical fact that plays an important role in the Game Theory, Economics, and general optimization problems. In other words, as will also be demonstrated in the empirical example later on, the minimax decision rule is a bit conservative and pessimistic ( Coombs et al Jun 25, 2024 · The Study of the Mind and Behavior. Social exchange theory. It is shown that special cases of the generalized criterion are Bayes solution, minimax solution, and a solution analogous to that ofHodges andLehmann, as a special case of a criterion proposed by Schneeweiss. The maximum likelihood principle focuses on objective possibilities and ignore subjective possibilities. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Humanistic Perspective. In comparison with the minimax and the minimin adjustment principles the general Hurwicz rule reduces to these specific classes whenever the underlying loss function is Nov 27, 2016 · Minimax is the principle in statistical decision theory of optimizing worst-case outcomes. }, author={Marcel Griesemer and Roger T. Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Both highly subjective. Rachael and Chrisplay a game with three objects: Stone Paper Scissors In thissimultaneousgame,both Rachael and Chrispickup o ne of these three objects. Thisthree objectshave the following order of preferen ce : . According to this theory, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of their social relationships. C. Outline the sampling and bargaining stage: Sampling= When we explore the rewards and costs in a relationship by experimenting or observing other people. Since philosopher John Stuart Mill stated his philosophy of utilitarianism,’ there’s been a compelling logic to the minimax principle of human behavior. In this paper, a minimax entropy principle is studied, based on which a novel theory, called FRAME (Filters, Random Thibault and Kelley. Let A = A∗ be a self-adjoint matrix. This principle consists of two parts. We present a viscosity approach to the min-max construction of closed geodesics on compact Riemannian manifolds of arbitrary dimension. Any vector x2N n can be written as x= P n j Sep 9, 2000 · The minimax entropy principle is applied to texture modeling, where a novel Markov random field (MRF) model, called FRAME (filter, random field, and minimax entropy), is derived, and encouraging AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 3 Relati Decks:Theories Of Romantic Relationships Socia, Theories Of Romantic Relationships Socia, Theories Of Romantic Relationships Equit, And more! Learn faster with Brainscape on your web, iPhone, or Android device. Yet it suggests, by means of a simple modification, a natural way of approximating to the problem. The decision maker's attitude II. The principle of proximity establishes that we’re more likely to build a friendship or a romantic relationship with the people we’re close to. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Who proposed social exchange theory?, Outline social learning theory, Define the minimax principle in relation to social exchange theory and more. Behavior in relationships reflects economic assumptions of exchange. Cite this page: N. Nov 1, 1997 · The minimax entropy principle is applied to texture modeling, where a novel Markov random field (MRF) model, called FRAME (filter, random field, and minimax entropy), is derived, and encouraging results are obtained in experiments on a variety of texture images. , Sam M. Maximax principle counsels the player to choose the strategy that yields the best of the best possible outcomes. H. Alternatively, one may weigh the possible outcomes to reflect one’s optimism or pessimism and then apply the minimax principle. Commitment stage4. Thibault and Kelley (1959) Click the card to flip 👆. ZusammenfassungDer Begriff „Bayesifikation“ wird als eine bestimmte Verhaltensweise bei der Wahl von Kriterien eingeführt. Clarify factors that increase interpersonal attraction between two people. It can be viewed as the starting point of many results of similar nature. Part of the book series: Springer Texts in Statistics ( (STS)) The criteria discussed so far, unbiasedness and invariance, suffer from the disadvantage of being applicable, or leading to optimum solutions, only in rather restricted classes of problems. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person (know as minimax strategy. argue that behaviour in relationships mirrors an economic exchange, in which we try to minimise losses and maximise gains (minimax principle) Click the card to flip 👆. A fundamental result in game theory, establishing that every finite, strictly competitive (two-person zero-sum) game has what later came to be called a Nash equilibrium, provided that mixed strategies may be used, and that the corresponding strategies are minimax strategies. Career Paths. @article{Griesemer1999AMP, title={A minimax principle for eigenvalues in spectral gaps: Dirac operators with Coulomb potentials. The relationship between our theory and the mechanisms of neural computation is Nov 15, 1997 · This article proposes a general theory and methodology, called the minimax entropy principle, for building statistical models for images (or signals) in a variety of applications. P. The Hurwicz Criterion, presented in a paper in 1951, is probably the earliest novel contribution to the field of economics for which Leo has been recognized. A Method for Studying Model Hamiltonians: A Minimax Principle for Problems in Statistical Physics centers on methods for solving certain problems in statistical physics which contain four-fermion interaction. Rivière. Minimax (β)-maximum pay-off in each column is boxed. In this theorem, we have some bound at every level : Lower bound for minimization problem. We present a The problem of calculating the eigenvalues of the Dirac equation by the finite-basis expansion method is studied. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Factors to consider when selecting criteria for decision rules include I. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. it is the amount of reward you feel you deserve in a relationship. The principle says to evaluate each option in terms of the worst possible outcome that could result from choosing that option, and to pick the option that offers the best worst outcome (the maximum minimum or maximin). This paper provides an overview of results and concepts in minimax robust hypothesis testing for two and multiple hypotheses. Group of answer choicesTrueFalse Your solution’s ready to go! Enhanced with AI, our expert help has broken down your problem into an easy-to-learn solution you can count on. Organized into four chapters, this book begins with a presentation of the proof of the asymptotic relations for the many Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like attraction, minimax principle, equity principle and more. The maximin principle is a principle for making choices when one is not sure of the outcome that will result from one ’ s choice. an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked. May 8, 2023 · Social exchange theory is a concept based on the idea that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. Bell, [2] and Peter C. When the risks outweigh the rewards, they will terminate or abandon the relationship. D. When dealing with gains, it is referred to as "maximin" – to maximize the minimum gain. The Hurwicz Criterion. 2. Laplace Principle Maximin or Minimax Now we come to the max-min principle. Regret theory is a model in theoretical economics simultaneously developed in 1982 by Graham Loomes and Robert Sugden, [1] David E. 2. What follows is a brief description of the passive voice Mar 6, 2020 · By maximin – minima x principle . The purpose of this exchange is to maximize Jun 8, 2020 · 2. Study angelica millamena's AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 3 - RELATIONSHIPS flashcards now! The reciprocity principle and the minimax principle both focus on the exchanges that occur between group members. It states that, for any randomized algorithm, there exists a probability About This Book. Decision function) the notion of a minimax statistical procedure is defined as follows. We develop a method to prove that some critical levels for functionals invariant by symmetry obtained by minimax methods without any symmetry constraint are attained by symmetric critical points. We apply the abstract results obtained to a mixed boundary value problems inspired by contact mechanics but with the elasticity operator The Minimax Theory and Expected-Utility Reasoning. in game theory or decision making, a tactic in which individuals attempt either to minimize their own maximum losses or to reduce the most an opponent will gain. The minimax principle, which looks only at the single value supωρ(ω,φ) sup ω ρ ( ω, φ), suffers from the defect of being an over-simplification. In this paper, we introduce three different right linear independency for a set of dual quaternion vectors, and study some related basic properties for the set of dual quaternion vectors and dual quaternion matrices. DOI: 10. Then there exists a Palais–Smale sequence for J at level c. A-level Psychology - relationships - theories of romantic relationships. Laplace Principle Maximin or Minimax Principle Maximax or Minimin Principle Hurwicz Principle Minimal attachment strategy refers to a principle used in parsing. AO1: Rewards and Costs. An optimality principle for a two-person zero-sum game, expressing the tendency of each player to obtain the largest sure pay-off. We also construct counter-examples in dimension $1$ and $2$ to…. Subsequently, several other authors improved upon it. itarianism,’ there’s been a compelling logic to the minimax principle of hu- man behavior. Irwin Altman studied social penetration in dorm living Yao's principle. Subsequently, the minimax principle is introduced and its strengths and limitations are Sep 20, 2023 · We present a minimax principle for eigenvalues of dual quaternion Hermitian matrices. the standard minimax principle and allows us to prove that (1), with the correction g10, is indeed the lowest discrete eigenvalue of the Dirac operator for suitable potentials. Psychology can be fun and fascinating, but it can also be a little bit daunting if you have no background in the subject. Then, max x2X Ec(A;x) min a2A Ec(a;X) : Before proving the theorem, let us interpret what it means. Minimax Theorem CSC304 - Nisarg Shah 26 •We proved it using Nash’s theorem heating. According to the Mar 1, 1986 · The idea of using Ekeland’s principle to obtain critical points other than local minima (actually, to prove the Mountain Pass Theorem), may be found in [2] [6]. If J satisfies (PS) c, then there exists a critical point for J at level c. Sharing the same environment (real or virtual) not only facilitates opportunities for interaction but tends to increase mutual sympathy between people. The first is the maximum entropy principle for feature binding (or fusion): for a given set of observed feature statistics, a distribution can be built to bind these feature Minimax算法常用于棋类等由两方较量的游戏和程序。. View on Cambridge Press. Tarafdar, H. 1 / 32. It was important to end the book on a positive note. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. I postpone the statement until later. The theorem was first proved by the Hungarian-born US mathematician 5. Based upon a newly established Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for dual quaternion vectors and singular value decomposition of dual quaternion matrices, we propose an inequality for singular values of dual quaternion matrices. Annales de l'I. Analyse non linéaire (1986) Volume: 3, Issue: 2, page 77-109; ISSN: 0294-1449; Access Full Article top Access to full text Full (PDF) How to cite top On Ky Fan's minimax principle. Given a rectangular array of numbers. Making Human Lives Better. 1. It provides a formula for balancing pessimism and optimism in decision-making under uncertainty – that is, when future conditions are to some extent unknown. Let us look at a specific example in two dimensions (the main point would probably come forward better in three dimensions, but that is harder to draw, and is left as an exercise to you in the end). The paper is organized as follows: Section 1 contains preliminary material. 1. Definition 49. Proximity. M. Bargaining= When romantic partners start exchanging rewards and costs and identifying what is most profitable. Judge relationship satisfaction in terms of profit- rewards minus costs. This is in many ways more natural than the previous one. AQA Psychology: Relationships - Theories of Romantic Relationships. Jun 16, 2016 · A simple example. Theory of relationships formation and development. Thompson. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings Apr 1, 2022 · In this way, a minimax principle on the saddle-point formulation provides an elementary proof of the solution existence on the mixed hemivariational–variational inequality. Wide Influence. We shall therefore turn now to an alternative approach, which Amendments to the 2002 “Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct” in 2010 and 2016. In computational complexity theory, Yao's principle (also called Yao's minimax principle or Yao's lemma) is a way to prove lower bounds on the worst-case performance of randomized algorithms, by comparing them to deterministic (non-random) algorithms. This article proposes a general theory and methodology, called the minimax entropy principle, for Description. The optimism of the 1960's has not been fulfilled and educational research has been relegated to a defensive position. Philosophy. So much of what is researched in social psychology has a negative connotation to it such as social influence, persuasion, prejudice, and aggression. This article proposes a general theory and methodology, called the minimax entropy principle, for building statistical models for images (or signals) in a variety of applications In game theory, minimax is a decision rule used to minimize the worst-case potential loss; in other words, a player considers all of the best opponent responses to his strategies, and selects the strategy such that the opponent's best strategy gives a payoff as large as possible. Bounds for the eigenvalues are obtained explaining the numerical results on the spectrum that have been observed previously. The Rayleigh’s principle and the minimax principle for the eigenvalues of a self-adjoint matrix Eigenvalues of self-adjoint matrices are easy to calculate. Jun 17, 2022 · Minimax principle is a decision rule used in game and decision theory. In terms of decision functions (cf. To focus attention on this necessity, a minimax principle is suggested in Maximin Principle. Mini-max algorithm is a recursive or backtracking algorithm which is used in decision-making and game theory. If the findings of educational research are to be more intuitively appealing, readily understood, and widely accepted, educational researchers should give better attention to the reduction of needless methodological complexity and to the improvement of conceptual clarity. The nature of the situation I Only II Only I and II Neither I nor II, The ___________ principle of decision-making stipulates that a decision-maker's view is usually extreme optimism. We start by discussing the need for affiliation and how it MiniMax Principle from Game Theory isused to provide a lower bound of the running time of the Randomized AND-OR tree algorithm. true. May 1, 2024 · In this paper, we use the Minimax regret principle to formalize a particular DMs behaviour in a new stability definition. Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; Jesus said, “There is no greater love than this: to lay down one’s life for one’s friends. The relationship between our theory and the mechanisms of neural computation is Other articles where minimax principle is discussed: operations research: Problem formulation: …a choice; this is the “minimax” approach. In Module 11 we move away from discussions of aggressive behavior, prejudice and discrimination covered in preceding modules, and talk about a more positive topic – prosocial behavior. The American Psychological Association's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct provides guidance for psychologists in professional, scientific and educational roles. See if, with the help of the applet, you can arrive at the right formulation yourself. The Rayleigh’s quotient. gx ql ws bz nt qv bz di ff ml